Development of a behavioral measure of physical distancing: The o'sickey distancing test

Introduction: Covid-19 has swept the globe and has disproportionately affected the United States with over 600,000 deaths in just over one year. The Centers for Disease Control recommendations for reducing the spread of Covid-19 have focused on physical distancing (PD), the practice of maintaining a distance greater than 6 feet from individuals not in the same household. When employed, this health behavior has been found to reduce the incidence of Covid-19. A review of the measurement literature evaluating PD indicates that PD has been measured at the community level via GPS, using proxy measures of the behavior, or as a construct. These methods can be useful in some situations;however, PD is an observable health behavior and can be reported as such. This study sought to address the issues in measuring PD by creating a new measure of self-reported PD that was: 1) appropriate for individual level measurement, 2) based on participant's self-report of the behavior of PD, and 3) presented a less ambiguous representation of the self-reported behavior. Method: Fifty college students from the University of New Mexico were sampled at a single time-point to evaluate the convergent and concurrent validity of the O'Sickey Distancing Test (ODT). Analysis Plan: To establish convergent validity, individual violations of PD as measured by the ODT were correlated with the Social Distancing Measure (SDM) and participant steps per day using Spearman's rank correlations and by comparing the correlations between the ODT and the number of participant self-reported steps per day and a measure of social distancing and participant steps per day using Steiger's t-test of correlated correlations within a sample. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Who's Cheating? Mining Patterns of Collusion from Text and Events in Online Exams

As the COVID-19 pandemic motivated a shift to virtual teaching, exams have increasingly moved online too. Detecting cheating through collusion is not easy when tech-savvy students take online exams at home and on their own devices. Such online at-home exams may tempt students to collude and share materials and answers. However, online exams' digital output also enables computer-aided detection of collusion patterns. This paper presents two simple data-driven techniques to analyze exam event logs and essay-form answers. Based on examples from exams in social sciences, we show that such analyses can reveal patterns of student collusion. We suggest using these patterns to quantify the degree of collusion. Finally, we summarize a set of lessons learned about designing and analyzing online exams.

Effects of parenthood and gender on well-being and work productivity among Canadian academic research faculty amidst the COVID-19 pandemic

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has brought about enormous changes to all aspects of academic life. In spring 2020, we recruited faculty from Canadian universities who were asked to complete a survey about the perceived impact of the pandemic on aspects of their well-being and work productivity. Eight hundred ninety-nine academics from across Canada responded, reporting that the pandemic had had a significant negative impact on their mental health, work satisfaction, first-author publications, grants, and data collection. Overall weekly work hours dropped by 22% compared to prepandemic levels, from 45 hr/week to 35 hr. Though parents of children under the age of 13 managed to maintain an average of 30 hr/week despite juggling childcare and work duties, they nonetheless fared worse compared to nonparents and parents of older children on nearly all indicators of work productivity and well-being. Furthermore, mothers of young children reported having fewer uninterrupted work hours and spending more time as primary caregiver compared to fathers. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a considerable negative impact on the self-reported well-being and work productivity of Canadian academics, and even more so among parents of young children. Mothers of young children may be particularly in need of additional support. These findings highlight the importance of adopting policies at the federal and institutional levels aimed at "leveling the playing field" for these groups as well as instituting creative childcare solutions that maintain health and safety while not further disadvantaging young parents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement Public Significance Statement: The current findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a considerable negative impact on the self-reported well-being and work productivity of Canadian academics, and even more so among parents of young children. Mothers of young children may be particularly in need of additional support. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) (French) La pandemie de la maladie causee par le coronavirus (COVID-19) a suscite d'enormes changements dans tous les volets de la vie universitaire. Au printemps 2020, nous avons effectue un sondage parmi les membres du personnel d'universites canadiennes afin de connaitre les repercussions percues de la pandemie sur divers aspects de leur bien-etre et sur leur productivite. Ont repondu au questionnaire 899 personnes de partout au pays, lesquelles ont signale que la pandemie avait eu d'importantes repercussions negatives sur leur sante mentale, leur niveau de satisfaction au travail, le nombre de publications comme premier auteur, l'obtention de subventions et la collecte de donnees. Dans l'ensemble, le nombre d'heures travaillees par semaine a chute de 22 %, comparativement a celui d'avant la pandemie, passant de 45 a 35 heures. Bien que les parents d'enfants de moins de 13 ans aient reussi a maintenir un horaire moyen de 30 heures semaine, jonglant les services de garde et le travail, ils ont des resultats tres inferieurs aux personnes sans enfants ou aux parents d'enfants plus ages pour presque tous les indicateurs de productivite et de bien-etre. De plus, les meres de jeunes enfants ont rapporte avoir un nombre inferieur d'heures de travail ininterrompues et avoir consacre plus de temps comme principaux fournisseurs de soins en comparaison des peres. Ainsi, la pandemie de COVID-19 a eu d'importantes repercussions sur les niveaux autorapportes de bien-etre et de productivite des chercheurs universitaires canadiens, en particulier parmi les parents de jeunes enfants. Les meres de jeunes enfants ont peut-etre particulierement besoin de soutien supplementaire. Ces resultats mettent en relief l'importance d'adopter des politiques federales et institutionnelles visant a egaliser les chances pour ces groupes, de meme que d'etablir des solutions novatrices pour la garde d'enfants qui assurent la sante et la securite, sans desavantager les jeunes parents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Financial uncertainty and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of future orientation

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic involved many uncertainties, including financial uncertainty due to the global financial crisis. Previous research indicates that financial uncertainty is negatively related to mental health and wellbeing. Aims: We tested a model suggesting that the negative impact of financial uncertainty is explained by a restriction of individuals' view of their future possibilities. Specifically, this longitudinal study explored the relationship of financial uncertainty and anxiety, considering the mediating role of future orientation. Method: Data were collected with questionnaires administered to Israeli citizens in April, June and August 2020. Data analysis comprised 379 respondents who participated in all three times. Results: Future orientation mediated the relationship of financial uncertainty and anxiety over time. Tests of changes across time show that changes in financial uncertainty were related to changes in anxiety levels over time. Limitations: Our sample was biased toward younger ages and the measurement of future orientation referred to a general view of the future rather than specific areas. Conclusion: The results suggest that the stressor of financial uncertainty is generalized to a negative view of future possibilities, thereby increasing anxiety. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Teaching psychomotor skills in a virtual environment: An educational case study

In March 2020, most physical therapy schools across the globe transitioned to online learning in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This change posed unique challenges not only because it required adapting to new technology in a short period but, more importantly, it involved developing ways to teach hands-on psychomotor and clinical skills virtually while maintaining the quality of instruction. In response to the rapid transition, the physical therapy program at MGH Institute of Health Professions (IHP)designed and implemented a novel and effective coaching model to address the challenges. The model was developed based on experiential learning theory, constructivism, a coaching framework, and andragogical principles of feedback and reflection. Not only did the model meet its objectives of effectively teaching basic psychomotor skills in the virtual environment, but it may also have andragogical benefits that can be applied to traditional face-to-face methods. This case study describes the theoretical underpinning of the model, its development and implementation, the perceived effectiveness for learning psychomotor skills in a virtual environment, and the potential for broader relevance to future models of physical therapy education. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

University student belonging scale: Defining and evaluating students' sense of belonging to their university

Students' Sense of Belonging (SoB) to a University is important because high levels of Sense of Belonging have a positive impact on students' motivation and retention. This mixed methods research design was developed to define Sense of Belonging to the University from the students' perspective, create a more comprehensive measurement tool for Sense of Belonging to the University, and investigate the impact involvement in Student Affairs programs may have on Sense of Belonging to the University.The empirical analysis of the first phase of research led to the development of a new definition for Sense of Belonging to the University, and the themes identified within the data informed the development of the University Student Belonging Scale (USBS). Principal components analysis indicated a four-component structure was the best fit for the data: Feelings that Impact Belonging (20 items), School Spirit (13 items), Social Connections at the University (12 items), and Academic Focus & Support (9 items). Scores can be calculated for each component and as an overall score for Sense of Belonging to the University, with the final version of this 54-item measurement instrument.The results in the evaluation phase indicate the program type (i.e., Student Affairs, Academic Affairs, or other groups) in which a student is involved can make a difference on their level of Sense of Belonging to the University. However, the number of Student Affairs programs in which a student is involved does not have an impact on Sense of Belonging to the University. An investigation into the differences between students who began attending classes prior to the Covid-19 pandemic and students who began attending classes during the Covid-19 pandemic revealed there was only a statistical difference between these groups for Feelings that Impact Belonging.This research highlights the importance of a more comprehensive, validated instrument to measure Sense of Belonging to the University. The USBS can be used to answer research questions higher education administrators, policymakers, parents, and students want to know the answers to. These answers will inevitably lead to more effective support for university students and higher levels of Sense of Belonging to the University. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Acute Stress among Nurses in Sweden during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Sweden was hit hard in the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic with deaths per capita among the highest in Europe. The pandemic was a stressful time especially for healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients. Various studies have evaluated whether nurses caring for these patients had higher levels of acute stress, but typically with measures that either used older DSM-IV criteria for Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) or general measures of acute stress. We recruited an online sample (N = 101) of nurses in Sweden from COVID-19 specialized units (ICU), Emergency (ER), and other units (Other), and asked them to answer questionnaires retrospectively to the peak of infections in Sweden. We aimed to evaluate: 1) the psychometric properties of the translation of the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire-II (SASRQ-II, which follows DSM-5 criteria for ASD) into Swedish, 2) whether nurses in COVID-19 units had experienced more acute stress than nurses in other units, and 3) the extent of potential acute stress disorder. The SASRQ-II evidenced good construct, convergent and divergent validity, and good reliability. It showed that ICU nurses reported significantly more acute stress than the other two groups, a difference that could not be accounted for by demographic or other variables. A retrospective diagnosis of ASD using the SASRQ-II suggested that 60% of nurses might have fulfilled ASD criteria, but no differences across groups were found. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Development of the pet owner connectedness scale (POCS)

Studies that have reported on the loneliness protective effect of pet ownership have recently been called into question owing to methodological drawbacks, including the use of inappropriate scales of measurement for loneliness in pet owner samples. It has also been recently demonstrated that pet interactions may only influence positive, not negative, human affect. In light of these recent advances, the current study aimed to create a new scale focusing on the inverse experience of loneliness: connectedness. An initial 24-item scale was developed using qualitative data collected from our previous study investigating the impact of pet ownership for Australians living alone during a government-enforced lockdown in response to COVID-19. Study 1 included 934 dog and cat owners who self-selected into the online study. Factor analyses revealed two distinct factors, and only items that loaded uniquely on one factor were retained. Study 2 included 526 dog and cat owners who self-selected into the online study, which confirmed the two-factor structure and established validity and reliability of the scale. The result was a 14-item Pet Owner Connectedness Scale (POCS) with two subscales: (i) owner-pet connection, and (ii) connectedness through pet. Hence, we present evidence for a new scale that can be used to measure the positive social states of connectedness that owners may gain from their pets. This may provide a good alternative to more traditional methods such as measuring the buffering effect pets have on negative social states such as loneliness. It may also offer a more robust method to measure the impact of pet interactions on their owners. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

How generations differ in coping with a pandemic: The case of restaurant industry

The COVID-19 outbreak has had a negative impact on the restaurant industry and led to major sales and job losses. As it continues to threaten customers' health, it is expected to greatly influence their attitudes and behavior. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the effects of threat and coping appraisals on consumers' co-creation behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Grounded in protection motivation theory and co-creation theory, the moderating effect of generational cohorts is also investigated vis-a-vis the relationships between protection motivation appraisals and co-creation behaviors in the restaurant industry. Individuals between 18 and 55 years of age completed survey regarding their dine-in experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study indicates that customers' perceived severity, self-efficacy, and response efficacy are significant predictors of customers' co-creation behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study provides important theoretical and practical implications for the field. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Exploring perceptions of cognitive load and mental fatigue in pandemic-era zoom classes

With the rise of the COVID-19 pandemic, many undergraduates were forced to transition from in-person to remote learning. In order to hold live synchronous classes, institutions adopted online videoconferencing platforms such as Zoom. This study examined student experiences during Zoom classes with regard to perceptions of unproductive cognitive load stemming from factors such as personal software settings, instructor-determined class features, teaching methods, feelings toward the class, internal state, and external environment. For comparison, a parallel survey was administered to instructors regarding student perceptions. The top five factors students reported to increase unproductive load were life stress, tiredness, sickness, negative emotions, and auditory distractions;the factors linked most strongly to decrease unproductive load were enjoyment of the class, interest in the class topic, relevance to future goals, presentation of information in manageable and meaningful chunks, and ability to focus. Instructor ratings overall aligned with those of students. Participants also reported overall higher mental fatigue during Zoom, as framed in comparison to prior in-person classes;this was correlated with number and time spent in these classes, but not with demographic variables nor with several other independent measures of self-regulated learning and academic self-efficacy. Implications for improving the student experience in online learning are discussed, emphasizing that many of the factors reported as helpful to cognitive load management are applicable to all classrooms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines: Active vs. passive risk takers

In 2020, most countries around the world adopted various measures aimed at combating the coronavirus (i.e., COVID-19), or reducing risky behavior which may spread the virus. In the current study (N = 215), we examined compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines using a risk-taking perspective, differentiating active from passive risk taking. In the corona context active risk taking involves actions that may cause disease contraction, such as shaking hands, while passive risk taking involves the acceptance of risk brought on by inaction, as in not using an alco-gel disinfectant. We found that personal tendencies for passive and active risk taking predicted passive and active corona related risk taking, respectively. Furthermore, compliance with COVID-19 prevention measures was also related to differences in self-control, with low Initiation self-control predicting passive corona risk taking and low levels of Inhibition self-control predicting active corona risk taking. Thus, while not complying with Covid-19 prevention measures put people at risk, differentiating between active and passive risks is helpful for accurate prediction of each type of risk behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Perceived posttraumatic growth and its psychosocial predictors during two consecutive COVID-19 lockdowns

This study seeks to expand previous research by examining (a) the prevalence rates of posttraumatic growth (PTG) and its potential predictors (posttraumatic stress symptoms [PTSS], perceived stress, adaptive coping strategies, social support) during the first and second lockdown in the general population of Greece, and (b) the mediating role of the stress indicators (PTSS/perceived stress) in the relationship between positive reframing and PTG. A sample of 1,361 participants (1.009 in the first lockdown and 352 in the second lockdown) completed the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory and the ENRICHD Social Support Instrument (ESSI). Moderate levels of PTG were found during both lockdowns. PTG did not significantly increase during the second lockdown. PTG was associated with PTSS during the first lockdown and with perceived stress during the second one;these two stress indicators partially mediated the positive reframing-PTG relationship in the first and second lockdown, respectively. Both adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies predicted PTG during the first lockdown, whereas only adaptive coping strategies predicted PTG during the second lockdown. Perceived social support, emotional during the first lockdown and instrumental during the second one, predicted PTG during the two lockdowns, respectively. The results of this study may enhance our understanding of PTG and its predictor to inform the design of interventions moving beyond growth cognitions into growth actions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

On the benefits of consumer IT in the workplace-An IT empowerment perspective

Technology driven organizational transformation-heightened during the COVID-19 pandemic-is gaining momentum, as employees increasingly invest in technology for work. Referred to as IT consumerization, employees use their smartphones, notebooks and tablets in the workplace, accompanied by a growing toolbox of applications. Google Apps and Dropbox are just a few consumer tools that employees use to get their work done, and in doing so, often bypass the authority of the IT department and the organization. While some organizations discourage, or even prohibit, employees from using their personal IT, others embrace the phenomenon. Employees' investment in consumer IT and its accompanying applications has been suggested as related to innovation and productivity gains, but there has been no empirical validation of such a beneficial relationship. With this paper we propose a theoretical root cause for the perceived positive outcomes of employees using their personal technologies in the workplace. Specifically, we explore the role of IT empowerment-a concept that captures the level of authority an employee assumes in utilizing IT in order to control or improve aspects of their job. Surveying 147 employees, we find support for increased levels of IT empowerment and higher levels of perceived performance among those that actively use consumer IT versus those that do not;we also find a close relationship between IT empowerment and perceived innovative work behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Travel-at-home: Paradoxical effects of a pandemic threat on domestic tourism

This study introduces the evolutionary concept of assortative sociality and explores how it moderates pandemic anxiety effects on attitudes towards tourism and travel decisions. Based on a large-scale online survey (N = 4630) conducted in three European countries, we demonstrate that COVID-19 anxiety triggered assortative sociality, which reflects both xenophobic and ethnocentric traits. This changes perceptions of domestic and international travel attractiveness, and further leads to travel choices prioritizing domestic destinations. At the same time, xenophobic and ethnocentric traits also affected citizen attitudes towards supporting the domestic tourism industry - an industry that accommodates foreigners. In conclusion, the paper discusses the seemingly paradoxical effects of a pandemic threat on domestic versus international tourism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Hospitality managers in turbulent times: The COVID-19 crisis

Purpose: This study aims to explore the role General Managers (GMs) play in mitigating the effects of the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: Qualitative structured interviews conducted online with 50 hospitality GMs from 45 countries are used to explore the impact of the pandemic on the industry's operational norms and the role of managers in both managing the crisis and planning contingencies for recovery. Findings: The findings enhance the conceptual capital in this emerging field and provide insights on how GMs behave during crises. Four related sub-themes emerged from the data analysis, namely, contingency planning and crisis management, resilience and impact on GM roles, the impact on hotels' key functional areas and some GMs' suggestions for the future of luxury hospitality. Research limitations/implications: This study generates empirical data that inform contemporary debates about crisis management and resilience in hospitality organizations at a micro-level operational perspective. Practical implications: Findings suggest that, in times of uncertainty and crisis, luxury hotel GMs are vital in coping with changes and leading their organizations to recovery. GMs' resilience and renewed role and abilities enable them to adapt rapidly to external changes on their business environment. Originality/value: This study is unique in terms of scale and depth, as it provides useful insights regarding the GM's role during an unprecedented crisis such as COVID-19. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

The effects of social and organizational connectedness on employee well-being and remote working experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic

Maintaining social connectedness is crucial for health and well-being-especially during uncertain times such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study examined (1) the effects of general and organizational indicators of connectedness on employee well-being and (involuntary) remote work experiences during lockdown and (2) whether organizational connectedness attenuated the ill effects of isolation on employee well-being. Full- and part-time workers (N = 188) recruited during the UK's second national COVID-19 lockdown completed a questionnaire measuring time spent interacting and alone during lockdown, social connectedness, organizational identification, perceived organizational support, organizational communication, ill-being, organizational well-being (i.e., well-being at work), and remote working experiences. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that those with greater social connectedness and organizational support reported less ill-being. In contrast, those spending more time alone and, unexpectedly, those strongly identifying with their organization, reported more ill-being. Additionally, those who felt greater organizational support had more positive remote working experiences, whereas stronger organizational identification negatively related to the latter. Only organizational support was significantly associated with (more positive) well-being at work. Furthermore, moderation analyses showed that time spent alone during the pandemic was associated with poorer organizational well-being but only among those with lower levels of organizational identification, and those whose organizational communication strategies were poorer. These findings demonstrate that indicators of organizational connectedness played a distinct role in explaining ill-being, workplace well-being, and remote working experiences, above and beyond the effects of general connectedness, during lockdown. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Digital systemic practices in Europe: A survey before the COVID-19 pandemic

Knowledge regarding digital practices in the field of systemic therapy is poor. A few surveys have been conducted in non-European countries investigating the provision of digitally based therapy, counselling, training, and supervision by systemic family and couple therapists (SCFTs). Thus, a survey aiming to investigate the use of information and communication technology (ICT) among European SCFTs was launched in 2017. A sample of 220 SCFTs was included in the survey. The majority were residents in Greece, France and Italy. Descriptive analysis compared SCFTs' digital practices and concerns from the above three countries with those from the rest of Europe. Results showed that 81.4 per cent of European SCFTs used ICT for clinical purposes and 47.7 per cent in training and supervision. Main concerns among European SCFTs related to the quality of therapeutic relationship, ethical and legal issues, and a lack of national and transnational regulation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement ICT use and e-therapy increase access to mental health services and maintain therapeutic contact. Systemic individual therapy, supervision and training are workable online settings. Legislation regulating ICT use in therapy, supervision and training (e.g. General Data Protection Regulation) has to be respected. Training and continuous education in online practices enhance therapists' and clients' options, and ensure digital safeness and effective treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

University students' life stressors and mental health in Georgia and German-speaking Switzerland: Exploring the role of fatalism, sense of coherence, cross-cultural coping, and help-seeking

Background: The university years are associated with a variety of stressors, and recently, COVID-19 has presented an additional burden on students' mental well-being. As mental health manifestations of stressors may differ between countries, this study compared students from Switzerland and the Republic of Georgia regarding the burden of stressors and the role of potentially culture-dependent risk and protective factors of mental health (i.e., help-seeking, cross-cultural coping, fatalism, sense of coherence). Method: We assessed two samples of university students in Georgia (N = 425) and German-speaking Switzerland (N = 298), using a cross-sectional design. Quantitative data were collected with online questionnaires during the third wave of the pandemic. Mental health screenings included measures of depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorder. Results: General life- and COVID-19-related stress levels were higher in Georgia than in Switzerland. Georgian students experienced more adjustment disorder symptoms but lower levels of depression and anxiety. While Swiss students reported more protective factors (formal and informal help-seeking, sense of coherence), Georgian students experienced more risk factors (fatalism and avoidance coping). Despite significant correlations between potentially culture-dependent risk and protective factors and mental health, few associations remained significant above and beyond the impact of general life stress. Conclusions: The high prevalence of stressors and adjustment disorder symptoms and risk factors for mental health among Georgian students illustrates a potential need for psychosocial support with stress management. The cross-cultural applicability of Western models of student mental health services should be evaluated. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement The agenda of global mental health calls for addressing prevention and quality gaps, although achieving this aim is not possible if the divergent needs of specific populations, among them young people, are not studied and considered. This study explores the mental health stressors and needs of university students and compares Swiss and Georgian students' potentially culture-dependent risk and protective factors. Needs-based tailored interventions could be developed based on the findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Revealing industry challenge and business response to covid-19: A text mining approach

Purpose: This study aims to conduct a "real-time" investigation with user-generated content on Twitter to reveal industry challenges and business responses to the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic. Specifically, using the hospitality industry as an example, the study analyses how Covid-19 has impacted the industry, what are the challenges and how the industry has responded. Design/methodology/approach: With 94,340 tweets collected between October 2019 and May 2020 by a programmed Web scraper, unsupervised machine learning approaches such as structural topic modelling are applied. Originality/value: This study contributes to the literature on business response during crises providing for the first time a study of using unstructured content on social media for industry-level analysis in the hospitality context. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Hotel employee perceived crisis shocks: Conceptual and scale development

Limited research assesses the impacts of crises on hotels from the individual employee perspective, and hotel employee perceived crisis shocks (HEPCS) lack empirical investigation and scale development. This mixed-method research conceptualized HEPCS and validated a measurement scale for HEPCS through three studies. In Study 1, 99 employees from 24 hotels were interviewed. The results showed that HEPCS was composed of the six dimensions of perceived shock: performance, task, occupation, mental, health, and family and life. In Study 2, the initial measurement items for HEPCS were generated, and 313 valid responses were collected for exploratory factor analysis. Study 3 had 931 valid respondents whose data were collected for confirmatory factor analysis and validation of the factor structure generated in Study 2. This research provides a new perspective and valid measurement scale for hotel crisis impact research as well as a theoretical basis for the establishment of hotel crisis response strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)